History - Tudor Finale Timeline

History – Tudor Finale

SIMPLE TIMELINE

1558 – Elizabeth ascends throne

1561 – Mary flees to England

1570 – Francis Drake sets sale to west Indies

1585-1604 – England & Spain at war

1587 - Mary, Queen of Scots executed on 8^th Feb

1588 – Philip II sent armarda to England but was defeated

DETAILED TIMELINE

1558 – Elizabeth ascends throne.

1559 – ACT OF UNIFORMITY

The Book of Common Prayer becomes the only form of legal worship. This was a revision of Edward VI’s prayer book.

Must attend church or face fines.

ACT OF SUPREMACY

Elizabeth to be accepted as Supreme head of the Church.

1560 – Treaty of Edinburgh signed between England and France.

English army entered Scotland to aid Scottish rebellion in forcing out pro-regency French garrison at Leith. After death of Mary of Guise, English and French agreed a treaty under which the Leith garrison was withdrawn.  Mary Stuart refused to ratify the treaty.

1561 – Mary Stuart returns to Scotland.

After living in France since the age of 5, Mary returned to the now Protestant Scotland after the death of her Husband, Francis.

1565 – Mary Stuart marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.

Mary Stuart marries her cousin, Lord Darnley.

1566 – Mary’s Secretary is murdered.

David Rizzio murdered by a gang of nobleman.

1567 – Mary’s husband, Lord Darnley is killed.

The house in which Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley was destroyed by an explosion.

-Mary marries the Earl of Bothwell, implicating herself in Darnley’s murder.

-Mary abdicates in favour of her son, James and imprisoned in Loch Leven castle.

1568 – Mary escapes Loch Leven and raises army.

Army defeated at battle of Langside.

-Mary arrives in England, wanting protection against Scottish rebels.

-Mary imprisoned by Elizabeth.

1569 – Northern Earls Rebellion.

Rebellion of Northern Earls Catholics, led by Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmoreland. Objective was to place Mary on English throne. Plot uncovered, Westmoreland fled and Northumberland executed.

- Rebellion breaks out in Munster when James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald proposes asking Spanish for support against England.

1570 – Papal Bull declares Elizabeth as a heretic.

Pope Pius V signed the Bull Regnas in Excelsis, which excommunicated Elizabeth and declared her subjects owed her no allegiance.

However, the Bull was not widely publicised, so few people took notice.

1571 – Ridolfi Plot.

Led by Roberto Ridolfi with aim of assassinating Elizabeth to be replaced with Mary.

-3 acts provide that:

*It’s a treasonable offence to declare Elizabeth is not Queen

*It is treasonable to introduce or publish any Papal Bulls.

*All who have fled abroad must return within 12 months or forfeit their property.

1572 – St Bartholomew’s day Massacre.

Massacre of French Huguenots.

Believed to have been instigated by Catherine De Medici.

1574 – Seminary priests begin to arrive in England.

Trained at the college of Douai, Flanders, (founded in 1568 by William Allen) young men were taught it was their duty to return to England for salvation of souls and to seek martyrdom if necessary, to re-establish Catholicism. 438 returned to England, 98 put to death. Christopher Haigh argued that their arrival in Dover and concentration in South-East made their mission difficult. (Close to Elizabeth.)

1579 – Henry Francis, Duke of Alençon (Anjou from 1754), proposes marriage to Elizabeth.

Seemed promising as Elizabeth seemed to really like him, and he appeared to love her. However, widespread opposition lead to 8 years of deliberating on Elizabeth’s part, and she eventually rejected the proposal in 1584. He died later that year.

1580 – Jesuit priests begin to arrive in England.

Founded in 1534, they were a Catholic missionary order with the aim of destroying Protestantism. They carried out rigorous spiritual exercises designed to train and discipline the mind, they took an oath of allegiance to the pope.

1581 – Parliament passes to Acts against Catholics.

Recusancy fines increased to £20, and higher fines for hearing or saying mass.

Attempting to convert people to Catholicism is a treasonable offence.

1583 – Throckmorton Plot.

Led by Francis Throckmorton.

Attempt to murder Elizabeth to be replaced by Mary, Queen of Scots.

1584 – William, Prince of Orange assassinated by Catholic extremist.

Elizabeth rejects marriage to Henry Francis, Duke of Anjou.

1585 – Treaty of Nonsuch sparks conflict with Spain.

The treaty of assistance to United Provinces (Netherlands) was signed at Palace of Nonsuch in Surrey. It provided military aid to the relief of Antwerp which was besieged by Spanish forces.

Antwerp fell on 17^th August.

Treaty perceived as act of war by Phillip II and eventually lead to sending the Armada to invade England.

Parliament passes an Act against Seminary and Jesuit priests.

Any Priest ordained by Pope’s authority is guilty of treason once setting foot in England. All priests ordered to leave on pain of death. Anyone helping a Priest also liable to be put to death.

1586 – Babington Plot.

Led by Anthony Babington.

Aim to assassinate Elizabeth to be replaced by Mary, Queen of Scots.

-Phillip II begins planning invasion of England.

1587 – Mary Stuart executed.

Babington plot eventually led to execution.

Elizabeth signed death warrant on condition that it was only to be used in instance of Mary making another threat agains Elizabeth. Councillors ignored this and executed her anyway.

1588 – English disperse Armada at battle of Gravelines.

Phillip II sent Armada to invade England. Bad weather meant they were thrown off course, North to Scotland and then Around Ireland, Many ships were wrecked and many men landed at Ireland.

1602 – Royal proclamation orders all Jesuits to leave.

Other Priests given 12 months, but promised favouarable treatment if they submit to authorities – 13 do so.

1603 – Elizabeth I died.

Replaced by James VI of Scotland (Mary’s son) who became James I of England.

Geography Unit 2 - coping with climate change - TUVALU CASE STUDY

TUVALU

Location:

• 9 small islands in the pacific ocean.
• north-east of Australia

Background:

• in 2005, population was 10,500, none more than 5m above sea level
• The economy relies on semi-subsistence farming&fishing, as well as foreign aid.

Risks:

• The low lying islands are being flooded more frequently due to sea level rises of 1-2m per year.
• Coral atolls flood from below, pushing salt water up through the ground, poisoning pulaka pits where Tuvalians grow starchy tubers for food.
• Poor coastal management & building materials
• Road bulding has tripped the region of much vegetation

Options:

• Relocate - in 2001, NZ agreed to accept 75 Tuvalians per year, possibly untill 2050.
• Change behaviour - in 2000, Tuvalu joined UN to bring it's climate change plight to the worlds attention.
• Modify the threat - Beach mining regulated to reduce erosion risk.
• Prevent the loss - Salt-tolerant crops to replace traditional pulaka.

Psychology - Maguire et al. (2000)

Maguire et al. (2000)

 

The hippocampus:

 

• Located in the medial temporal lobe.
• One on left, one on right side.
• Major function is to do with memory and spatial navigation.
• Argued that after a time, some memories are moved from the hippocampus to another part of the brain after it has been consolidated.
• Damage to hippocampus = inability to form new memories but previous memories are often spared.
• Gage

 THE ROLE IN NAVIGATION:

-Small mammals and birds that rely heavily on navigation have a much larger hippocampus relative to body size than those that rely less on it.

-Animals and birds have larger hippocampi during migration seasons than at other tie – plasticity.

-Neurons in hippocampus have spatial firing cells which fire when an animal finds itself in a particular location.

-Place cells have also been found in humans involved in finding their way around a virtual-reality town.

Aim of the study:

·        To determine whether changes could be detected in the brains of humans who have extreme experiences of spatial navigation.

Participants:

·        16 male black-cab drivers who had passed “the knowledge”.

·        All were right-handed

·        Aged between 32 and 62 (mean age – 44)

·        Licensed for at 18 months to 42 years (mean – 14.3 years)

·        Average time taken to pass the knowledge was 2 years.

·        All healthy medically, neurologically and psychiatrically.

CONTROL

·        50 MRI scans from the structural MRI scan database @ same centre cab drivers were scanned.

·        Healthy, right-handed males

·        Similar ages

Method:

• Quasi
• Data collected from 2 techniques of analysing MRI scans – Voxhel-based morphology & pixel counting.

VOXHEL-BASED MORPHOLOGY

-Voxhel represents the image in 3-D

-used to identify changes in a variety of neurological disorders, including schizophrenia and temporal lobe epilepsy.

-Also been used to identify structural abnormalities such as those found in patients with Alzheimer’s and multiple sclerosis.

PIXEL COUNTING

-Pixel represents the image in 2-D

What is an MRI scan?

·        Magnetic resonance imaging

·        Aligns atomic particles in body tissues by magnetism, then bombards them with radio waves.

·        This causes the particles to give off radio signals that differ depending on what type of tissue is present.

·        Computer software then converts this into a 3-D image of a greyish x-ray.

Results:

•  Analysis using VBM showed brains of cab drivers had significantly increased grey matter volume in right and left hippocampi.
• Difference was found in posterior hippocampus only.
• Control group had relatively larger grey matter volume in anterior relative to cabbies.
• No other differences found between 2 groups.
• Pixel-counting showed no significant difference in overall volume of hippocampi but confirmed regional differences as VBM showed.
• Volume of right hippocampus showed a positive correlation with the length of time as a cab driver, negative correlation in left side.
• Also a correlation between volume of posterior hippocampus and length of time as a cab driver in right side.

Conclusions:

•  Results suggest evidence of differences between hippocampi of licensed cab drivers and control group.
• Also suggest that more experience = larger volume of posterior hippocampus.

Evaluation:

 STRENGTHS:

-Quantitative data

-Used precise measuring equipment

-Unlikely to be subject to bias

-No demand characteristics

-MRI scans are safe.

-High control (No right-handed people or women)

WEAKNESSES:

-difficult to draw conclusions from quasi experiments as extraneous variables may have been involved.

-MRI not suitable for patients with pacemakers or metal plates.

-Children may not lie still

-Unsuitable for claustrophobics

REPRESENTATIVENESS:

-Cab drivers are not representative of general population, but researchers were not trying to apply the results to whole population.

-Good choice of cab drivers – all had good navigational skills in one particular area.



Topic 8.1

Structure of DNA

Nucleotide structure

Individual nucleotides of DNA are made up of:

• Sugar – Deoxyribose
• Phosphate group
• Organic base

Single-ring bases – Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)

          OR

Double-ring bases – Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

T=A

C=G

=Hydrogen bonds

 

                             

*These three components are combined as a result of condensation reactions to give a mononucleotide.

-Two mononucleotides may combine as a result of a condensation reaction between the deoxyribose sugar of one mononucleotide and the phosphate group of another. This new structure is a dinucleotide.

-A long chain of mononucleotides is a polynucleotide.

-It is not just DNA that contains nucleotides.

DNA structure

-In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick worked out the structure of DNA following Rosalind Franklin’s work on X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA.

-DNA is made up of two strands of nucleotides (polynucleotides).

-Each starnd is extremely long and joined together by hydrogen bonds formed between certain bases.

-Simply: Ladder – phosphate and deoxyribose molecules alternate to form the uprights and organic bases pair together to form the rungs.

 

The double helix

-The ladder-like arrangement of the two polynucleotide chains is twisted.

-The uprights of phosphate and deoxyribose wind around each other to form a double helix.

-They form the structural backbone of the DNA molecule.

-For each complete turn of the helix, there are ten base pairs.

Function of DNA

-DNA is the hereditary material responsible for passing genetic information from cell to cell and generation to generation.

-There are around 3.2 billion base pairs in DNA of a typical mammalian cell.

  This means there is an almost infinite variety of sequences of bases on the length of a DNA molecule, providing immense variety in living organisms.

How DNA molecule is adapted to its functions:

• Very stable and can pass between generations without change.
• Two separate strands, joined with only hydrogen bonds, allowing the to separate during DNA replication and protein synthesis.
• Extremely large molecule, therefore carries an immense amount of genetic information.
• Having base pairs within the helical cylinder of deoxyribose-phosphate backbone, genetic information is protected from being corrupted by outside chemical and physical forces.
• The function of DNA depends on the sequence of the base pairs it posseses.

Decisions, decisions....

Well, today was a day full of decisions: "Do I take up the EPQ or not?", "Do I buy chips tomorrow, or save my money?", "Which bus stop should I go to?", "Should I do a revision post or save it for tomorrow?".

In case you are wondering, I haven't yet made a decision on EPQ, I'm saving my money, I went to the second bus stop and i'm saving the revision post for tomorrow.

I really like the idea of the EPQ, but i'm having diffiulty choosing a topic, my intesets include psychology, dinosaurs and scouts....is there any way I could combine those? "Do scouts have a similar cognitive ability to that of dinosaurs?" I think that'd be pretty difficult to research somehow....

I've also been improving greatly at my time management recently (hence why I have time to write this blog), I read my textbooks on the bus and do as much homework as I can in the mornings before school - I work best between 7 and 10am for some reason, that generally leaves me with quite a few frees, which I use to do revision in the library, and sometimes I do some more work for 20 minutes after school as my bus doesn't arrive till around 4pm. This means that while I do still do work at home, my load is lighter and I can relax a little more, it's taken me 6 months to get into this routine!

Obviously, this time will decrease once I start being a young leader, and i'm planning a lot of charity events at school, but I think i'll cope, just about.

We had a speaker come into school today about independent living, it got me thinking about having my own bedroom again if and when I go to Uni - I live in a one-bedroom house and after 3 years of having the bedroom and my parents having a pull down bed in the living room, I got kicked into the attic, but we discovered that it's impossible to sleep up there in winter so i now sleep on a tiny mesanine floor, which is too small for me to do my work effectivey as it's impossible to keep tidy, but downstairs is too noisy.

Hopefully, my room at uni will look less like this:



My old room - messy

And more like this:

Note the big window - lots of light!

Not that i'm excited to have more independence or anything....
Just as a heads up, I won't be posting friday or saturday as i'm away, I may post on sunday though.
I shall probably do homework friday evening till around 10pm, then watch a film/play on xbox.
Then saturday I'll get up at 8/9 depending on whether I have any homework left, I'll work till around 11, either on homework or revision, or both (I'm such a model student...) and then I'll probably run into town to buy a couple of birthday presents, get back and settle down to make some bracelets for the afternoon, perhaps meet up with a friend, and watch a DVD in the evening while pigging out on mini poppadoms, sausage rolls, cocktail sausages, chocolate and scotch eggs.
Much the same will follow on sunday, minus the DVD and pigging out, and if the weather is ok, i'll nip down the tennis courts to burn off all those calories from the night before, and get picked up around 4, arriving home by 4:30pm.
This is generally how a weekend spent at my nans is spent, I quite enjoy them, but I'll probably be staying less often now as work mounts up and I need the internet over the weekend.

Off now to get ready for explorers - 3 course meal to be cooked on a makeshift wood-burning stove! I'l ttry and get some pictures. :)

Alons-y. x

Thoughts of the day...

I'm not entirely sure what to write about today, I'll just keep typing and see what spills from my inner thoughts.

Carrying on from my highly philosophical post yesterday, I may dedicate this one to certain quotations and sayings that I rather like/feel are quite poignant/relevant.

"Do not dwell in the past, do not dream of the future, concentrate the mind on the present moment." -Buddah

While I do generally feel this is some very sound advice, as I am currently revising for exams, the way i've found focusses my mind on the task at hand, is looking to the future and what I can have if I do well, and what I'll lose if I don't!

"I still find each day too short for all the thoughts I want to think, all the walks I want to take, all the books I want to read, and all the friends I want to see." - John Burroughs

This is a quote I most certainly agree with, (although i'm inclined to add "and to take all photographs I want to take." I constantly find myself mulling thoughts over in my head when I'm trying to sleep, I long to have more time to read and go for walks, pesky schoolwork gets in the way, however, if I work hard enough, it will all pay off in the end as I may be able to have my own library, and take walks in the countryside while on holiday with a couple of friends in Yukon - it's all a matter of perspective.

“Those who mind don't matter, and those who matter don't mind.” - Bernard M. Baruch

Fairly self explanatory really, if someone isn't making time for you, don't go out of your way to make time them, whether positively or negatively. No need to argue, always be the bigger man!

“I am so clever that sometimes I don't understand a single word of what I am saying.” - Oscar Wilde

I'd like to saythat this quote sums me up, true, sometimes I don't understand what i'm saying, but I don't think that's due to intelligence, more....babbling.

I will take this opportunity to also share with you one of my favourite poems, one I studied in year 10.

THE MANHUNT
"After the first phase,
after passionate nights and intimate days,
only then would he let me trace
the frozen river which ran through his face,
only then would he let me explore
the blown hinge of his lower jaw,
and handle and hold
the damaged, porcelain collar-bone,
and mind and attend the fractured rudder of shoulder-blade,
and finger and thumb the parachute silk of his punctured lung.
Only then could I bind the struts
and climb the rungs of his broken ribs,
and feel the hurt
of his grazed heart.
Skirting along,
only then could I picture the scan,
the foetus of metal beneath his chest
where the bullet had finally come to rest.
Then I widened the search,
traced the scarring back to its source
to a sweating, unexploded mine
buried deep in his mind,
around which every nerve in his body had tightened and closed.
Then, and only then, did I come close."

Simon Armitage, 2007

Finally, I shall leave you with what I think is my all time favourite quote, penned my Lord Alfred Tennyson:

"Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
  To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield."

Alons-y. x

Time goes by, so...quickly?

Hello all, (If you've redirected here from my old blog - welcome!)

Today, I somehow managed to come across the blog I started to write in 2010 (it was quite short lived, hopefully this attempt will be a little better). Some of the posts were really cringey, but they also gave me a chance to reflect on everything that's happened since then, and it was strangely rewarding.
I like to think i've grown up a lot from that sometimes moody, often immature, utterly impossible to maintain a civil conversation with 15 year old I was back then (funny, I seem to remember saying a similar thing back then about my 13 year old self...).

Now that I have a clear path ahead of me (well, besides the obstacles such as exams, making the grade, decisions about universities..), i'm a lot more focussed, and, as such, much more aware of what I need to do to get where I want to go!

This is turning into a bit of a life coaching post.....

Anyway, just in case anyone is wondering how my day went:
I woke up, as usual, at 6:10am, had breakfast, got dressed, got ready for school etc.
Got to the bus stop at 7:20 and arrived at school around 8am.
Here, i spent 40 minutes researching universities and doing a bit of biology revision.
Form time was the usual - register, notices...
9am marked first lesson, geography for me, this consisted of planning an answer to an exam question.
10am - second lesson, free period, I spent this doing biology revision and teaching my friend standard deviation.
11am - Break time!
11:20am - biology - We're in the middle of an ISA and were drawing our graphs today.
12:20pm - history - filling in a table about various US presidents.
1:20pm - Lunch
2:00pm - Form time - notices, chilling
2:25pm - Free period - I spent this doing the geography homework i'd been set 1st lesson.

at 3:25 I took a slow walk to the bus stop, finally arriving home at 4:30, where I almost walked straight into the plumber (our boilers packed up and we've had no hot water since friday!)

This evening i've done some more biology revision (i'm pretty determined to do well in this ISA, in case you hadn't guessed).

Now i'm typing this post - obviously.

Well, that's my day, pretty boring when you look at it like that, but it was actually quite enjoyable.

Hopefully, it won't be long before I look less like this:

Revising, summer 2012

 Although, i'd much rather be revising outside in the sun, than inside listening to the rain as I am now!

And more like this:

Oh, just in case any of you want to see my original blog with all those cringey posts, here it is: http://jodzter-life.blogspot.co.uk/
And with that, I shall depart.

Alons-y! x